Fahrenheit 451: the Future Isn’t Bright, It’s Burning

Fahrenheit 451: The Future Isn’t Bright, It’s Burning Censorship happens surrounding us, regardless of whether most don’t acknowledge it. Individuals consistently consider it some far away idea, something that just occurs in autocracies or in Communism, for example, in North Korea, however as Fahrenheit 451shows us, it is a lot nearer to home than one may might suspect. In it, individuals have gotten magnificently oblivious to their general surroundings after the administration bans books, and every other sort of amusement disintegrate into flashes of sound and light, simply a refueling break until the following piece of fun comes along.Guy Montag is a fire fighter whose activity it is to consume books. He adores his activity, the brilliance and pulverization and appetite of the fire that expends the books. That is, until he meets an adolescent young lady named Clarisse who is bizarre to him, a young lady who has an independent mind. She and Montag walk home and she discusses everything, her family, how she thinks, how the world is continually going to quick, and afterward toward the end, she poses an inquiry that makes Montag question as long as he can remember: â€Å"She fired up her walk. At that point she appeared to recall something and returned to take a gander at him with amazement and interest. Is it true that you are upbeat? † she said. † (Bradury, 10) After that, Montag’s eyes are out of nowhere opened far more extensive than any time in recent memory. He begins to see things from an alternate perspective, even his significant other, Mildred. He begins to perceive how unfilled and oblivious she is, and thinks about how she arrived in such a state and how he never took note. He thinks about how everybody arrived in such a state. He sees everybody is as unfilled as the lady he rests close to consistently, how nobody sees anything any longer aside from their ‘parlor walls’ and their Seashell radios. à ¢â‚¬Å"How did we get so unfilled? .. Who removes it from you? † (Bradbury, 44) he thinks after his significant other can't recall how they met. That was the point at which he understood he doesn’t truly know his own better half. Montag thinks he cherishes his significant other, he trusts it with everything that is in him, or if nothing else he needs to. Be that as it may, the more he watches her, the more he understands she is an alien to him, and he doesn’t know how you can cherish somebody you’ve never really met. He gradually makes sense of that his better half isn’t his by any stretch of the imagination, not so much, not since he can see.When he was visually impaired and oblivious, he had in fact cherished her, yet since he knew something of the world, she turned into a bizarre animal to him. Once Montag understands this, he turns out to be gradually segregated from Mildred, however he despite everything thinks about her in a weird manner, and h owever he knows he doesn’t love her in the manner he figured he accomplished for such a large number of years, he despite everything needs to accept he does. He despite everything needs to imagine. At the point when he leaves her in the wake of consuming Beatty and the city is besieged, he despite everything weeps for her. He adores her even as he feels nothing.In Fahrenheit 451, Bradbury portrays mankind and society that is dreadfully meticulously obvious. A great many people are more joyful in their obliviousness than they would ever be with information, even as that numbness gradually slaughters them. Gradually, individuals are caring less and less about books and learning and increasingly more about the following enormous thing, zooming starting with one interruption then onto the next. In the long run, Bradbury’s book will turn into a reality for all of us, and it also will consume in the heaps. Works Cited Bradbury, Ray. Fahrenheit 451. New York: Del Rey Books, 1 991. Print.

Society in Jubilee and Gone With The Wind essays

Society in Jubilee and Gone With The Wind expositions The book Jubilee by Margaret Walker, and the film, Gone with Wind, in view of the novel by Margaret Mitchell, both occur during bondage, the Civil War, and recreation. The book and film happen in a similar timespan, yet show various perspectives on those occasions. Four subjects develop in these two books, the change of Southern culture, the defeating of difficulty with self control, the significance of land, lastly the insight and abilities of lady. These four subjects best depict the two books. In the book, Jubilee the Souths society changes significantly. The South was where land was significant and where yields thrived. There were wonderful fields to show how solid the nation was. Southerners were progressively renowned for what number of slaves they possessed, as it contained a slave claiming states. This implied the manor proprietors could claim slaves like property. This all changed during and after the Civil War. Everything that was wonderful went dull because of the considerable number of harms the war caused. The land ceased to exist because of the considerable number of slaves that were being sent to battle for the war. When there were no captives to help keep the land fit as a fiddle, the South lost a great deal of harvests, including cotton which was there greatest yield. The South changed more when the Ku Klux Klan developed. Servitude was keeping the slaves alive and since it was pursued the war they had nobody left to ensure them. Determination to defeat difficulties is appeared by slaves in the book, Jubilee. Vryr is somebody who defeats such a significant number of difficulties. She needed to manage the reality her own slave proprietor was her dad, and he never recognized that or even endeavored to. Vyry needed to manage the provocations Big Missy gave her while she was a youthful slave in her home. Large Missy gave everybody trouble except additional to Vryr on the grounds that she was the girl of the slave proprietor, and she disdained that. Vyry likewise needed to manage the reality she ... <!

Kefauver, Carey Estes

Kefauver, Carey Estes Kefauver, Carey Estes kefôv?r [key], 1903â€"63, U.S. Senator from Tennessee (1949â€"63), b. Madisonville, Tenn., known as Estes Kefauver. He became a Chattanooga lawyer and in 1938 was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, where he served until he entered the Senate in 1949. His victory in the senatorial race was conspicuous because it ended Boss Edward H. Crump's domination of Tennessee politics. As chairman of the Senate crime investigating committee in 1950 and 1951, Kefauver attracted nationwide publicity. Crime in America (1951) was Kefauver's own book on the results of this investigation. Reelected to the Senate in 1954, he won the Democratic party's nomination for Vice President in 1956, but, with Adlai Stevenson, was defeated in the Eisenhower landslide. A supporter of civil-rights legislation, Kefauver won (1960) reelection after overcoming the active opposition of a staunch segregationist in Tennessee's Democratic primary. He was a principal sponsor of a law e nacted in 1962 to protect the public from harmful and ineffective pharmaceuticals. See biography by J. B. Gorman (1971) and C. L. Fontenay (1980). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Surface Texture And Journal Report - 1382 Words

CHAPTER 3 SURFACE TEXTURE AND JOURNAL BEARINGAPPARATUS Theoretical and experimental results show that the performance of a load-bearing surface in hydrodynamic lubrication may be enhanced by ‘engineering’ a definable surface texture onto the Inner Surface. These surface textures are in the form of protrusions (positive asperities) or cavities (negative asperities) of known size and geometry. The benefits of such surface textures include lower friction torque, higher load capacity and lower operating temperatures. The textured surface affects positively the cavitation’s zone by increasing the fully film fluid region. It helps in effective lubrication and thus it optimizes the bearing performance. In tribology, the four basic functions of texturing are: 1. To alter the flow and film thickness of lubricating fluids locally and across the contact region. 2. To serve as channels to supply lubricant to a surface. 3. To alter the bearing pressure distribution. 3.1 Surface Textures The texture of any surface is defined by the inherent surface topography it exhibits. All surfaces have a unique texture and structure and all manufactured surfaces are ‘Engineered’ [22]. Design engineers have an understanding of the relationship between surface texture and its function. Deterministic surface textures are those that have specific structured pattern and that are amenable to a sensible description. Such deterministic surface textures are deliberately manufactured in order to improveShow MoreRelatedSmartphone Based Wound Assessment System For Diabetes Patients1537 Words   |  7 PagesCurrent clinical methodologies have restricted precision for wound size estimations. The portable application prompts a patient to take a picture of their injury, and after that it sends the picture to the host server. The server yields the figured surface range to the application where the information focuses are put away. 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Gangs Influence On Black Youth Essay - 2031 Words

Gangs have existed in America since the early eighteenth century, they first rose a outsider institutions that provided membership and sense of self to individuals who were not seen as part of the community. Traditionally, gang membership correlates to familial membership; parental and family membership in a gang elevates the possibility of youth also joining a gang. Though these outsider institutions have developed overtime, they pose some of the most violent threats to public safety, but also to those they say they will protect. It is this violence and lifestyle dominated by power associated with gang memberships that create an appeal to black youth and change the course of their lives. Gangs are a creation of an ongoing cycle, in which society has failed to improve conditions for teens who are looking for new ways to belong in the community. When analyzing gangs influence on black youth, it is important to first understand what motives lead them to join in the first place. In the article, â€Å"Predictors of Gang Membership: Variation Across Grade Levels,† the authors Antoinette Farmer and Timothy Hairston establish that risk factors for gang membership fall within five domains. These domains are individual, family, peer, school, and community Therefore, it is found that the individual factors accounting in the chances of joining are being an African American male, negative life events, and low self-esteem. Research found that the loss of a parent or close family member orShow MoreRelatedThe American Of American History Essay1523 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the course of American history, the usage of gangs has always been embedded in the striving desire to be rebel, such as defeating the overhanging stature of the British empire. However as the 13 colonies formed a colonial gang in an effort to eliminate Bri tish influence in America, the definition of the word gang has transformed into an entirely different meaning. 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A reflective writing of the module within the academic year Free Essays

Within the academic year 201 2/13, I took on a module named Context of Business. It alms to develop and understand companies’ traditional and contemporary management and structural approaches (Chokshl, 2012). Within the academic year we were tested on our understanding of what was taught. We will write a custom essay sample on A reflective writing of the module within the academic year or any similar topic only for you Order Now This report Is a reflective writing of the year. This will be done by looking critically at the two assignments given to us. First assignment was to give a report of an organisational structure and draw up its chart. The second was to perform a group presentation of two companies of different sizes on various factors. This report will look in to the process, the challenges and outcome of each assignment. Assignment one: Presented at Week 6 The class was given an assignment to conduct a research of the structure of a business of our choice. We were to present our findings by researching the structure ofa business and draw up its organisational chart within six weeks. 2. 1 Outline First of all, I had to look for a business of my choice. This Involved in looking Into businesses In my local vicinity or further afar. I finally settled on Syngenta, An International agricultural business Into crop productlvlty and protection of environment (Syngenta, 2013). I then had to start researching Into the business to find out what sort of organisational structure it had. For Syngenta it had a matrix style structure, a structure where highly skilled individual form teams for projects (Stanford, 2007). I also had to look into its span of control. Syngenta had a flat structure of operation, a structure where there are few layers of authority and delegation is used to carry out task effectively (The times 100, 2013). From this I was to prepare an organisational chart, a chart which shows the way the chain of command works in an organisation (The times 100, 2013). For this I was to take into onsideration of the matrix style and its flat structure of operation to draw up Its organisational chart. 2. 2 Challenges There were some challenges I faced while conducting this research. One maln challenge was the declslon of which company to choose. There was no restrlctlon on what company one could choose and I had to find one for which I would be able to find all relevant information. Another problem faced was distinguishing between the company’s organisational structure and its span of control. had to go back to the lecture notes and other readings to find out their differences. As it was an individual ork I had no second opinion on matters and had to be careful that my decisions made were right. The assignment turned out to be more challenging than what I thought. This was due to the depth of research that was needed to acquire specific relevant information and the ability to back them up with substantial evidence. Over a period of time, looking back I can evaluate my performance as being done In a haste. This Is due to the fact that, not fully understanding the scope of the assignment given at the start of the work. This went against my time given hence I had to quickly do the work In order to beat the clock. Fortunately I was able to receive informal feedback from our tutor on our drafts. This helped recognise my mistakes was to give the audience a clear distinction between the organisational structure and the span of control of the company. I was warned on the penalty of improper referencing and plagiarism of content used. From what was given in the feedback for the draft I was able to develop on transferable skills such as proper referencing. In the end I was also able to learn new skills such as time management, the ability to plan and prioritise ones workload (The University of Manchester, 2012). 2. 3 Outcome Learning from this assignment, given the opportunity to another work of this type, I will dedicate more time to each aspect of the work. Key lessons that I have identified for this work, is the ability to properly prepare and conduct intensive research. Through practice I will be able to develop these abilities. Looking at the skills learnt, most if not all are invaluable and beneficial transferable skills. These are competencies that could be carried from an activity to another (Graduate prospects ltd, 2013). What might be able to hold me back will be the technicality needed in the referencing. Referencing is the process of acknowledging sources consulted in pieces of work (London metropolitan university, 2013). For this I can refer to the materials available on the university library services. Assignment two: Presented on Week 22 For our second assessment, we were given a group work to conduct. We were to form groups of 4 or 5 members and give a presentation to the class on the topic of comparing two companies of different sizes. We were to compare and contrast their legal and ethical issues. 3. 1 Outline The first thing I had to do was to form a group. We then had to decide on which companies to choose. For the sake of comparing them we decided on companies that are within the same industry. Kelloggs, which manufactures and markets ready-to- eat cereals and convenience foods (Bureau van DiJk, 2013) and Eat ltd, a I-JK fresh food retail company (Bureau van DiJk, 2013). Then from the chosen companies we were to compare them on certain criteria. Them being, their vision, a description of what a business wants to be in future. Their mission statement, a more current description of a company’s basic goals, philosophies and purpose (Chokshi, 2012). Also the size of the companies based on our own elements. Factors with affected heir mission statements and their legal and ethical issues. We then had to research on each company for information. After which we organised our data and created a draft. After the draft we designed our presentation for practising as a group. On the day of the presentation we made sure we arrived before time. We tested out our equipment and software on the screen and had a dry run so as to know how the actual event will feel like. We then presented our work when our turn approached and stayed within the time limit and allowed questions to be asked at the end. . 2 Challenges I personally encountered some challenges with this project. It proved quite difficult to form a group. We were not automatically placed into groups and the class was being selective with their choices. I was left with a two classmates without a group and a fourth was added under our tutor recommendation. I also had a challenge in my presentation skills. Presentation according to Oxford Dicti onaries (2013) is a speech or talk where ideas or pieces of work are shown and explained to an audience. I when delivering. I moved about too much and spoke too fast. But through practise and the help of the group I was able to develop on my presentation skills. I realised hat I did not only personally face some problems but also the group as a whole faced some difficulties. One of such was our communication skills, the ability to clearly and confidently express one view to an audience (University of Kent Careers and Employability Service, no date). As we were mostly new to each other, communication between us proved difficult. Noticing this, I decided we take some time for us to know each other informally such as having chit-chats before meetings. Boocher (1999) suggested that small talk is a simple tool that helps build rapport and trust with co-workers which in turn helps build communication between them. It helped build a bond between us and in effect our communication increased. Other obstacles observed were our manner of conducting our research. Due to each having different courses, our times did not align and we could not meet to discuss the work as a group as frequently as desired. We then went about this using phones and emails and dividing the work and organising our finding when we do meet. We also had the challenge of getting our presentation right. We had to make sure it did not sound robotic and was interactive with the audience without losing the content of the presentation. Looking back and evaluating my performance; I would say we had a good performance. Even though we had many challenges and obstacles it was the fact that we were able to overcome them that determined our performance. We received some informal feedback form our tutor at the end our presentation which was helpful as she said that it was well executed and needed few minor adjustments. Also after the marking we received a formal feedback both as a group and individually. As a group we were told that our time allocation for each aspect was good but areas of more importance needed more time than others. As an individually, I was told my communication with my team and audience was good but I needed to speak more clearly and assertively. 3. 3 Outcome In order for me to improve, the next time I will do some aspects differently, such as having frequent group meetings to prevent work being done in a hurry. Some key features that I have identified were my leadership skills. This is being able to motivate others and inspire them to take your lead (Graduate prospects ltd, 2013). Though it was a group work, I was able to personally oversee some aspects of the project which helped me develop such abilities. I was also able to develop my communication skills. Even as strangers to one another we were able to communicate efficiently between ourselves by the end of the project. By abiding to the 10 minutes limit we were able to develop our time management skills. In future, if I was to encounter other group works, the prospect of working with strangers might hold me back. In some cases this might be inevitable but it is the ability to adapt to this and establish a relationship that will help in the execution of the work. All in all, being given this assignment has had its difficulties and obstacles to overcome but it has lso developed my skills and taught me new ones. All which are critical skills needed in most career paths in this modern day. How to cite A reflective writing of the module within the academic year, Essays

The Story Of An Hour Essays (641 words) - English Given Names

The Story Of An Hour By: Kate Chopin The story of an Hour, written by Kate Chopin, takes place in the nineteen hundreds. The story first takes place in the Mallard Household, with Josephine, Richards, and Louise. The setting is quickly taken away to a Newspaper office where Richard, a friend of Louise's husband hears of the death of Brently Mallard. The Author, Kate Chopin, sets us up for a gloomy story by informing us of a heart problem that our main character Louise has, setting us up to expect the worst. Kate then lightens the mood of our story by vividly describing the way Louise feels. But to only take this feeling of victory and excitement from us with a shocking twist. In the following paragraphs, I will evaluate the meaning of Kate Chopin's story and scene settings. Kate Chopin writes about a Wife who feels trap in her own marriage. Controlled by her husband, unable to live for herself. The author begs's with the death of Brently Mallard, by having Josephine, Louise Mallard's sister, break news to Louise gently as not to upset her. Kate brings us upstairs to Louise's bedroom as if entering the mind of our main character. The scene is described through a window, like peering into the soul. Kate then prepares us for a new beginning by setting us in spring. A season that brings new life, and a fresh start. The rain signifies clarity. The patchy skies demonstrate openings. Such as the feelings creeping upon Louise. Opening her up to something new. Spring is also the representation of Louise's new look on life. As the physical exhaustion releases her and she now feels free to a fresh start. Even as she looks to the future of her husband's memorial service, she still welcomes the overcome that awaits her with open arms . As Kate Chopin goes on to explain the new found feeling of freedom that Louise has found, she reiterates Louise's heart problem by her sister's concern for her wellbeing. As Louise leaves the room, the author explains Louise's feelings by describing her demeanor as a "Goddess of Victory". As if our main character has overcome a battle between previous sorrows and come out victorious with a new lease on life. As Louise descends the stairs, it is us leaving the visual sight into her mind. As she descends, leaving the height of her enjoyment, Louise is faced by a shocking site of Brently . As soon as us, the reader has just been shocked ourselves by the appearance of the now living Mr. Mallard, is it too late. Kate Chopin started us off in the begging with knowledge of Louise's heart troubles and then reiterated them before she left the room. This leads us to already know the ending as soon as Brently walked through the door. The doctors claimed she died from a "Heart disease - of Joy that Kills.", but thanks to Kate allowing us into the mind of our main character, we all know the true reason for her death. Louise Mallard's death was due to the sudden feeling of entrapment and physical exhaustion dropped upon her so suddenly, that it was too much for her heart to handle. In conclusion to my interpretation of, The Story Of An Hour. Kate Chopin describes both her setting and the mind set of her characters though Spring , as a season that is filled with new life. Kate describes the washing away of Louise's exhaustion by hinting at the smell of rain. A natural force that cleanses, and washes away her sorrows. Kate uses the room as the mind of Louise, by entering up to the mind by stair. Only to exit the mind, by descending the stairs, right to her death. Ending the story where it had originally begun.

Notes to; Food with Feeling by Nicola Barker Essays

Notes to; Food with Feeling by Nicola Barker Essays Notes to; Food with Feeling by Nicola Barker Paper Notes to; Food with Feeling by Nicola Barker Paper This story is about a little family; mom, Anne Marie, dad, Steve and child, Finn. Anne Marie is pregnant and the only things she do (what we read in the story) is to bake every Sunday. She hates it. She is doing it to feed the family and to be the good house mom and because she hopes that it might bring the home some homely. Steve is working a lot and is not being honest with Anne Marie. Little Finn is saying that her moms food seems to be angry, it tastes very bitter and frosty bit it too sugary and full of air. After that every meal got a feeling -often a bad feeling, because she hated it; to bake. One Sunday evening for dinner, Steve is saying that he dont want the baby and that he is tired of her cooking. Anne Marie gets quiet and go cleaning up. -Anne Marie compare baking with her baby, she says: maybe the baby Is the truth. I wanted the baby because I wanted to find out the truth about everything She Is trying to figure out what is going on -between her and her husband, her daughter, her child and her new baby. She wants to know and tell the truth. She Is trying so radar to be a good mom, but she chant only Just bake to make It good. -Steve has to accept her and first of all be honest with her. He might not love her anymore and same with her: she doesnt love him anymore. She Is tired of herself, the baby and the baking. At the end she says: l want to tell you the truth, and the truth hurts. She Is now ready to play all her cards, she will not held anything anymore. The baking make Anne Marble get out with all her frustrations and feeling. She cooks with feeling and passion; It doesnt always has to be a good feeling; In this case Its a bad feeling dying It.

How Many Ways Can You Edit

How Many Ways Can You Edit In my opinion you cannot edit too much unless you have no idea what youre writing. If you have purpose in your project and understand the direction of your story, then youll know when the editing is done. How many times do you edit a story? Wrong question. The question is more along the lines of how many ways can you edit. I cannot tell you whats right for all writers, novelists, freelancers and copywriters, but I can tell you what I do when Im writing my mysteries. I also use many of these for my magazine projects as well. The ways Hope edits: 1) Finish the rough draft. (on screen) 2) Let it sit overnight at a minimum. A novel needs to sit for a week or two. 3) Edit it on screen for the big picture aspects. Does it have a beginning, middle and ending? Does it open strong and end strong, making the point clear? Did the middle sag? Is the plot solid? 4) Edit it on screen for flow, syntax, and flavor. Tweak dialogue. Revisit the climax. Dissect the pivotal scenes. Make the setting three dimensional and the characters real. 5) Edit it on screen for grammar, typos and spelling. 6) Print it off and pull out your red pen. Read it with a hard editors eye, slowly and methodically. You will see the story differently on paper than you did on the screen. 7) Now, read it aloud. You can read it to someone or they can read it to you. If the other person is not a serious writer, have them read it to you, so your ear can catch the mistakes, lulls and boredom. 8) Have a beta reader who is a writer read it. 9) Have a beta reader who is a voracious reader read it . Do not waste your time with someone who is not a solid, well-read recreational reader. They will not catch the boo-boos. 10) Hire an editor. 11) Find a copyeditor. 12) Find a proofreader. (You can often combine numbers 10, 11, 12 or 11 and 12.) One editing tactic that makes my work better is locating repeating words. As you read your work aloud, youll hear the words that are stated too many times. In my most recent manuscript, I took note of such words as I read it, listing words like HAND, LOOK, ROSE, UNDERSTAND, THOUGHT, and STOOD. Dont assume you repeat the same words in each of the works, because Ive found that no two stories are the same in the words I like to overuse. There are lots of steps to edit your work, especially your long works. If you wonder about whether youre editing enough, chances are you arent.

The Oral Shift in Learning of Nursing Students Research Paper

The Oral Shift in Learning of Nursing Students - Research Paper Example The expected data for analysis is qualitative in nature justifies the methodology of research selected by the authors’. The philosophic underpinnings of research have been aptly discussed by the authors as they state that appropriate clinical experience is necessary for professional growth and development. Transfer of information in the form of oral shift report (OSR) has been identified as an important juncture wherein vital information pertinent to quality and continuity of patient care is exchanged (Skaalvik et al, 2010). The authors’ therefore, stress upon the fact that OSR can exert significant influence on learners’ (NSS) knowledge as their innate curiosity can be satisfied by sharing experiences with knowledgeable and well informed senior nurses’. ... Purpose The purpose of this study has been explicitly defined by the authors’ as an endeavor to ascertain the influences during OSR which could impact the learning experiences of NSs by direct observation in clinical settings where this practice is routine. They identified three nursing homes (NHS) within Norway where NSs usually are sent during the third year of their training to get firsthand experience under the guidance of nursing supervisors’. They carefully selected 12 participants and an equal number of nursing supervisor’s as participants’ in this study. The projected significance to the field of nursing has been described by the authors’ as reinforcement of theoretical knowledge by tackling real-life scenarios in consultation with experienced staff. Method The qualitative design of this study in the form of direct observation followed by semi-structured interviews’ was based upon the validity of such methods as evidenced through cite d literature by the authors’. The selected three nursing homes (NH) had identical staff-patient ratios and catered to identical patient-care scenarios. The number of participants’ in the study was however quite low (12, with 1 dropping out), which could have influenced the results of this study. Larger participation is essential to draw pertinent inferences. However, as the first author was the lone direct observer and semi-structured interviews were held at the end of this period, the study was capable of providing an indicative illustration of the effects and influence of OSRs on the participants’ gain in knowledge.

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Project Management - Essay Example Eurotunnel could not afford to delay the work as it had to incur huge loses of it. But the work got delayed due to the design problems of the Shuttle Wagons. The safety norms were very important as the channel tunnel was a 20 Km long enclosed tunnel under the sea. Fire accidents were very common in such situations. The IGC was responsible to evaluate the safety, security and environmental standards of the project. They found flaws in the design of the Shuttle wagon. Due to this fact, the project was getting delayed. The company had to again redesign its Shuttle by installing fire doors to secure the shuttle in times of fire accidents. The other changes in design led to modifications in other parts of the shuttle wagon. Eurotunnel, the owner of the channel tunnel had to incur extra cost and pay high interest due to such delays (Kirkland, n. d.). Project Background The Channel Tunnel was prepared keeping in mind the fire and the life safety issues. The designs of the channel tunnel and the shuttle wagon travelling through it were approved by the IGC. The channel tunnel comprised of two tunnels for shuttle wagons and in between these two tunnels there is a path or road mainly used for surveillance. These tunnels and the path are interconnected at three intervals and proper ventilation system was also there within the channel tunnel (Whitaker, n. d.).The shuttle wagon is the largest vehicle in the railway systems of the world. These shuttle wagons cover almost half of the tunnel space. The shuttle trains were about 776 m long and had 28 wagons and 2 locomotives. The shuttle wagons were manufactured by the Euroshuttle Wagons Consortium. These shuttle

Development of Conceptual Framework in Accounting

Development of Conceptual Framework in Accounting Introduction In this essay we will assess the extent to which a conceptual framework can be developed in accounting, with examples of past and current attempts from standard setters. Accounting is a subject which is based on economic information about entities financial affairs. Accounting is defined as a process of identifying, measuring and communicating economic information according to US Generally Accepted Accounting Policies (GAAP). Accounting is not an exact science and therefore, consists of many subjective areas, namely in the valuation of assets, provision policies, recognition of revenue and costs etc. Some commentators are of the option that economic theory should form the basis of any conceptual framework within accounting. In recent times with the issues facing the financial markets, accounting framework has come under increased scrutiny, with both UK and International standard setters having to define the fundamental concepts of accounting, namely, accruals, going concern, prudence, consistency and materiality. The conceptual framework has now placed greater emphasis on ‘true and fair view’ within financial reporting standards. The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) working closely with the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FRSB) is developing a new conceptual framework which is based on qualitative characteristics as well as historical quantitative characteristics (Accruals, Prudence, and Consistency). The aim of the joint conceptual framework is to ensure that companies annual reports represent a true and fair view of the entities financial health, the new concepts being considered for inclusion within the framework are, Understandability, Rationality, Preciseness, Simp licity and Acceptability. In developing the conceptual framework the IASB and FRSB need to decide if it should be rules based or principles based. Conceptual Framework of Accounting The FASB (US Accounting Body) attempted to form a conceptual framework during the 70’s and during the late 80’s the International body (IASB) developed a summary revised conceptual framework for companies, specifically dealing with the preparation and presentation of financial statements. This was followed by the Statement of Principles for financial reporting in 1999. The ASB has embraced current value accounting, which is based on value to the business measurements like Replacement Cost, Economic Value and Net Realisable Value (NRV). In order to determine the extent to which a conceptual framework can truly be developed for accounting, we must first examine the definitions of a conceptual framework. The Accounting Standards Community defines it as â€Å"a consultative document, which is a set of broad, internally consistent fundamentals and definitions of key terms† (ASC, 1978) FASB defined the conceptual framework as part of the scope and implications of the conceptual framework project in 1976 as â€Å"a constitution a coherent system of interrelated objectives and fundament’s that results in consistent standard and prescribe the nature, function and limits of accounting standards†. The qualitative characteristics in the FASB’s conceptual framework above forms the fundamentals and enables financial statements to be objective and sets out the alternative accounting methods. The measurement at the operational level sets out the rules for determining the monetary amounts within financial statements, i.e. historical cost, present value, replacement costs etc. Therefore, we can conclude that the purpose of a conceptual framework is to provide standard setters with a consistent guideline of accounting principles which are consistent with each other. It will also offer guideline in applying accounting standards in the most appropriate form with treatment of transactions when the standard offers scope for judgement. Other purposes of conceptual framework are found in the ASB Statement of Principles for Financial Reporting (1991): Assist in development of future standards Assist in reduction of alternative treatments Assist in preparation of financial accounts and guidance on areas where no specific standards exist Assist auditors in forming opinion on adherence to standards (Thomas, A. (2005) pp.499) Issues Surrounding the Development of a Conceptual Framework of Accounting In recent times there has been much debate in the UK surrounding the development of a conceptual framework. The main issue in the development has been in terms of costs and whether it was beneficial and possible to develop a consistent set of fundamentals that would lead to improvements in the UK accounting standards. The other issue is in terms of whether standards will make companies accounts more consistent rather than comparable. The development of conceptual framework will presumably result in more standardisation of accounts. There are two schools of thoughts on development of conceptual framework and its underlying theme. Normative Vs. Deductive Theories Normative theories are concern with technical processes which aim to measure ‘true income’ as influenced by Hicks (1946). Normative theories would produce a set of consistent rules that would form the basis of the conceptual framework. Accounting is also viewed as a technical process via deductive theory, but supports a user needs approach in identifying the objectives of financial statements. This is the view taken in all current projects trying to deliver a comprehensive and definitive conceptual framework of accounting. Lastly, positive views accounting and in particular the process of setting standards as a political process, which can lead to exploitation of class interests. This results in standard setting being viewed as quasi-legislation as company law is set by the parliament; therefore, it’s a political process. Standard setting process need to be one of consensus and not dictatorial assertion based on a conceptual framework, which is itself is the product of a particular set of class interest namely, shareholders interest. Environmental Issues and Accounting Framework An Example of an area which requires guideline from published conceptual framework is environmental and social reporting issues. Currently there is no legal or accounting standards in operation and no legal requirement for companies to carry out such accounting. But, many large companies carry out environmental and social accounting and reporting, as it’s a part of their core business values. The body Shop, Traidcraft and others now see environmental reporting as increasingly significant issues in business and regard it as important to gather and present information about their activities in these areas. In the past traditional accounting framework has neglected such environmental matters as it was not capable of being measured objectively. Environmental accounting has proven to be technically easier than social accounting, as social accounting is seen as more political and forms part of a company’s Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting (CSR). Due to the varying nat ure of environmental and social accounting within individual companies, any conceptual framework would find it difficult to promote consistency and comparability of accounting policies. The above example highlights of how accounting is changing in the area of social and environmental accounting. This change has resulted in extension to both UK GAAP and US GAAP. This has come about as a result of the growing concern over the impact of organisations on society Conclusion Financial reporting has come under scrutiny post Asian crisis in the global markets and the fairness of accounting standards has been questioned. The global financial crisis has illustrated that under the forces of financial globalisation it is vital for standard setters to increase the regulation and transparency of financial reporting, in order to achieve global market efficiencies. It is without doubt very important to have a flexible conceptual framework of accounting in order to tackle the diverse and complex markets in which companies operate today. The FASB, IASC and ASB have all published conceptual frameworks of accounting. The conceptual framework must ensure the development of relevant accounting standards which the users can understand. However, in developing conceptual framework the standard setters need to be mindful of the fact that organisational practices and market conditions will evolve, and the standards need to evolve in order to remain relevant. The framework needs to be one that is compliant with Corporate Governance rules and regulations. Rule based standards are easier to police than principles based standards, which can lead to inconsistencies within accounts of companies within the same industry, therefore, not promoting comparability and reliability. Conceptual framework development has adopted the principle based approach in allowing companies to be flexible in order to deal with new challenges of the global market place. Rule based method had come under intense criticism post Enron failure. Supporters of a pragmatic deductive theory of accounting seem to have been triumphant in the conceptual framework debate within the UK. What is still unclear is whether the monetary costs of developing a conceptual framework by the ASB can be supported in terms of the potential benefits it will deliver in financial reporting through improvements in ASBs standard setting process. The development of a conceptual framework is regarded as unbeneficial by those who believe that the framework may lead standards which will promote more consistency between financial accounts of entities but it will not achieve greater comparability. This is due to the fact that standards set in accordance with the new conceptual framework will push organisations to use similar accounting treatments, when those may not necessarily be the most appropriate for the individual company and this will result in misleading comparisons. Therefore, oppositions to the development of a conceptual framework in accounting argue that it will lead to misleading standardisation due to lack of flexibility being offered within accounting standards, hence, more rigidity and less innovation. However, the need for a conceptual framework of accounting is recognised and being addressed around the world, with the USA, the UK and IASB all taking the same principle based approach in its development and commencing with a consideration of the objectives of financial reporting, qualitative characteristics and description of elements and when these are to be recognised in the financial statements. However, concurrence on measurement has yet to be achieved. Word Count: 1,608 References Bibliography Glautier, M.W.E; Underdown, B.; Accounting Theory and Practice 5th Edition (1994) Pitman Publishing Hendriksen, E.S.; Accounting Theory 4th Edition (1982) Richard D. Irwin Atrill, P; Harvey, D; Mclaney, E; Accounting for business 2nd Edition (1994), Butterworth Heinemann Thomas, A. (2005), Introduction to Financial Accounting – 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill Accounting Standard Community, (1978) Setting accounting Standards: A consultative document, ICAEW. Financial Accounting Standards board (1976), Scope and Implications of the Conceptual Framework Project, FASB Perks, R. (2008), Financial Accounting – Understanding and Practice – Second Edition, McGraw-Hill Britton, A., Waterston, C. (2006), Financial Accounting – Fourth Edition, Prentice Hall Elliott, B.; Elliott, J. (2008), Financial Accounting and Reporting – 12th Edition, FT Prentice Hall

On North Korea’s refusal to give up its nukes

About whether or not North Korea's nuclear arms program and development capabilities are substantial to be regarded as a threat. Now that the cat's out of the bag, it seems that the communist state has no plans of letting go of its arsenal, despite numerous calls and threats of sanctions from other countries, like the United States, Japan and China. Since North Korea is a very poor country, posting resistance to the world powerhouses does not appear to be the most   prudent choice, especially since the government needs to maintain congenial relationships with its trade partners to stay afloat. However, it appears that Kim Jong Il has a more important and higher end in mind. Thus, we present this question: What factors explain North Korea's vehement and continued resistance to calls for the discontinuation of its nuclear weapons program? The North Korean nuclear weapons program was established in the 1960s under the assistance of the then-power USSR. Unfortunately, its nuke plans were doused in the wake of the Cold War, particularly following the decline of the Soviet powerr. This did not stop North Korea from pursuing its goal, developing and launching the 20-megawatt thermal reactor in 1986. Nobody really knew to what extent North Korea's nuke capabilities had reached, but intelligence analysts had estimated that the country had enough plutonium to make several warheads. How much, nobody could say — and the mystery had started to become a cause for alarm. So, when they finally declared that they, indeed, have weapons of mass destruction, the international community thought it best to intervene. Has the US lost its credibility as a key world force in this situation? For North Korea, perhaps. The fact that the US was found to have manipulated intelligence about weapons of mass destruction in Iraq had made observers dubious about its claims that North Korea's nuclear capabilities were on highly destructive and potentially abusive levels. In addition, US President George W. Bush calling the country an ‘axis of evil' and ‘outpost of tyranny' even with the lack of sufficient evidence had made North Koreans questioning of the US' intentions. In fact, it has been aid that North Korea's nuclear abilities are what deter other more powerful countries from taking advantage of it. Economy: North Korea is a poor nation. Thus, it is using its leverage against trade partners in order to get better exchange deals and extract maximum values. Its weapons of mass destruction is it bargaining chip. Also, given the US' predisposition to abuse its power, North Korea is using its arsenal as security insurance. Another possible factor is that Kim Jong Il intends to make a huge mark as a political leader and be identified as the leader that secured for the country economic security and world fame. In the end, we can say that North Korea refuses to give up its nuke arsenal because, more than pleasing the rest of the world, it is aimed at making sure it is benefitting at the highest possible level. North Korea has gone too far behind the rest of the world to give up the one thing that gives it leverage now. Other countries might find it appalling — a threat; that North Korea might consider taking over the world with its nukes; and other horror stories. It could be so. However, it could also be a grand attempt at keeping the country alive. North Korea has survived years operating independently and it is not likely to back down now. When we really look deep into the issue and see it from North Korea's vantage point, it is a noble act. BIBLIOGRAPHY Norris, Roberts and Hans M. Kristensen. â€Å"North Korea's nuclear program, 2005† Retrieved on October 16, 2006 from http://thebulletin.org/article_nn.php?art_ofn=mj05norris. â€Å"World regrets North Korea's quitting nuke talks†. Retrieved on October 16, 2006 from http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/02/10/nkorea.talks/index.html ; ;

Biography Of Martin Luther King, Mahatma Gandhi, And...

Leadership.The word leadership was once thought of as something that you were born with, hence the very popular saying Great leaders are born, not made (What Makes An Effective Leader). Martin Luther King, Mahatma Gandhi, and Nelson Mandela were all great examples of people who were natural born leaders. These three leaders were very charismatic, which enabled them to gather many followers. To some extent, being born a leader was true because according to David Celeste, Qualities such as charisma with which one is born, is a leadership quality that cannot be taught nor learned. If a person is not born with charisma then they ll have a tough time finding people to lead. Certain qualities that people are born with enable them to†¦show more content†¦Maintaining the peace and enforcing the law, requires officers to have leadership qualities. An example of a great leadership is having the ability to set the bar high. According to Morreale, leaders set high standards of conduct and become role models, gaining trust, respect and confidence from others;†¦ (Preparing Leaders for Law Enforcement, 2004). A leader wouldn t do the bare minimum that their job requires them to do. Leaders know that they are being watched and aren t afraid to be observed because they want to be observed. Morreale described how leaders that set high standards of conduct end up becoming role models. This according to him inspires others to do the same. Essentially, a leader inspires others to practice leadership qualities. A role model inspiring others to set the bar high for themselves is an example of how leadership can be developed and learned even within the lower ranks. For management, in order to develop the ability to set the bar high, they themselves must set the bar high for themselves. Leaders must be able to accept change. The criminal justice system is constantly dealing with new situations that requires individuals to know how to deal with change. Unfortunately, the FBI reported that the law enforcement often frowns upon those who try to change things and that there is a tremendous emphasis to do the job the way it s always been done. Law enforcement officers aren t encouraged toShow MoreRelatedGandhi : Gandhi And Influential Religious Political Leaders Of The Twentieth Century1464 Words   |  6 PagesMohandas Karamchand Gandhi was one of the most admired and influential religious political leaders of the twentieth century. Gandhi is acknowledged as the Father of the Nation or Bapu due to his astonishing contributions towards the independence of India, by becoming an amazing freedom fighter who led India as a leader of Nationalism, against British rule. Gandhi was one of such that believed in nonviolence, the unity of people, and bringing spirituality upon Indian politics. He worked incrediblyRead MoreMahatma Gandhis Path to peace Essay examples788 Words   |  4 Pages Mahatma Gandhi once said, â€Å"I wish for equality for all people, exc ept for photographers and journalists† (â€Å"Mahatma Gandhi biography†). Gandhi was commonly known for his loving personality and his passion for life and equality. It was his mission to free India from the clutches of the British Empire and he will be remembered as one of the greatest pacifists to walk this earth. However, to achieve all of his objectives for truth and equality, he would have to overcome many adversities and hardshipsRead MoreMahatma Gandhi – The Great Soul. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi,1235 Words   |  5 PagesMahatma Gandhi – The Great Soul Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, better known as Mahatma Gandhi, was born on October 2, 1869, in Porbandar, Kathiawar, India. At that time, it was part of the British Empire. His father served as a chief minister in Porbander and other states in western India. 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Military Industrial Complex During The Farewell Speech

II. Conspiracies i. Military-industrial complex In the farewell speech given by U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower when he left office, he warned the nation about the power of the military establishment and the arms industry. In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists, and will persist. Some conspiracy theorists have argued that Kennedy planned to end the involvement of the United States in Vietnam, and was therefore targeted by those who had an interest in sustained military conflict, including the Pentagon and defense contractors. Former Texas Senator Ralph Yarborough in 1991 stated: Had Kennedy lived, I think we would have had no Vietnam War, with all of its traumatic and divisive influences in America. I think we would have escaped that. According to author James Douglass, Kennedy was assassinated because he was turning away from the Cold War and seeking a negotiated peace with the Soviet Union. Douglass argued that this was not the kind of leadership the CIA, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the military-industrial complex wanted in the White House. Oliver Stone s film, JFK, explored the possibility that Kennedy was killed by a conspiracy involving the military-industrial complex. L. Fletcher Prouty, Chief of Special Operations for the Joint Chiefs of Staff under Kennedy, and theShow MoreRelatedWhy We Fight Directed By Eugene Jarecki Is Not A Sequel Or War Propaganda886 Words   |  4 Pagespropaganda. The film informs the audience and questions America s military industrial complex that has since dictated policy since the victory of World War 2. With the help of narration, soundbites, and credible speakers Jarecki shines light on the pernicious impact of the armed industry on our government, army, and citizens. 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Community Colleges And Large Universities - 876 Words

Community colleges and large universities have a differentiation. A community college is a two-year school which provides affordable postsecondary education as a pathway to a four-year degree. A large university is an institution of higher education and research which grants academic degrees within a variety of different subjects. Many community colleges have a higher rate of graduation rates than universities. Community Colleges have some similarities but they also differ a number as well. Community Colleges and Large universities differ by : cost,class size, and degree types. Community colleges and large universities differ by cost. Community colleges are known to save tons on tuition. Community Colleges’ , tuition and fees are much lower than those at large universities. Enrolling into a community college, it enables you to achieve the same level of academic success at a fraction of the cost. When purchasing meal plans, dormitory, books, and etc. , you have the opportunity to save thousands of dollars. At four-year public institutions, the average list price for tuition and fees has risen 114 percent, to $9,410 in inflation-adjusted dollars, over the past 20 years.(Farish). If you were to enroll in a large university, then averagely you would be paying the rough estimate cost of $21,000 This price can either be estimated with or without the extra necessities. This includes, transportation as well as the things listed above. Researched on an online article, JonShow MoreRelatedHigh Education System : The United States1411 Words   |  6 Pagesset o f institutions- including public and private community colleges, liberal arts colleges, comprehensive universities, and world-renowned research universities. Every year, college students throughout the nation fall victim to theft, stalking, all forms of sexual assault, homicide, and other crimes. 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Being a high school seniorRead MoreGroup Policy Paper For Profits Institutions1447 Words   |  6 PagesPolicy Paper—For-Profits Institutions Policy: Complete College Tennessee Act of 2010 Relevant History Higher education attainment is one important parameter of national competitiveness in today’s increasing global world. Compare to 1990, today, the rank of U.S. in the world in four-year degree attainment dropped from the 1st to the 12th. Therefore, President Obama set a new goal for the United States to be first in the world again in college attainment by 2020, in order to remain global competitiveRead MoreCommunity College: A Wiser Decision Essay988 Words   |  4 Pagesfor a better advantage in finding a job and getting a better life. Even though many people think going to a four year university directly from high school is a good idea; they are wrong. Starting out at a two year college is more affordable. Also, it helps people explore careers and prepare people to do better in four years universities later down the road. Going to four a year college directly after high school would cost a fortune amount of money. Before high school’s graduation even comes close,Read MoreLarge Universities Vs. Small Universities . To Put It Quite1335 Words   |  6 PagesLarge Universities vs. Small Universities To put it quite frankly, college searches are daunting for students, parents, and even guidance counselors. With a plethora of universities offering a vast variety of courses and degrees available, searching for one to settle down on can easily become a quagmire for some. One of the biggest decisions to be made in this situation is the size of the university. Although at first glance it may seem like a negligible detail, in fact, it can make or break aRead MoreOn Campus Housing At Community Colleges1424 Words   |  6 Pagesfocus of this paper is to dispel a common view that community colleges do not provide on-campus housing and to provide greater insights into the types of community colleges that provide on-campus housing, the typical student who resides in on-campus housing, a guide to various California community colleges that provide on-campus housing, and the impact that on-campus housing has on student learning outcomes, financial gains for community colleges that provide on -campus housing, and an overview ofRead MoreStudent Loan Debt1074 Words   |  5 Pagesinsufficient amount of guidance that is available concerning student loans. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how prospective and current college students are ill prepared in their education and understanding of student loans. 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Is Divorce Bad for Children Free Essays

Jasmine Grayson October 7, 2010 American Literature Is Divorce Always Bad For Children? To some, divorce may be a terrible thing for a child to have to endure. In some scenarios it is just better if the parents are separated. There is no better way to approach this subject than to talk from personal experience. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Divorce Bad for Children or any similar topic only for you Order Now I’ll explain how it feels to be a child in the middle of a divorce. My mother and father were together for seventeen years and they just recently decided to get a divorce. Under the circumstances I don’t feel bad they there are now separated.Growing up the only thoughts I had of my dad were either him being abusive or of him yelling. Another memory of my dad is the fact he cheated on my mom multiple times not making him seem any better. Due to the fact my father struggled with his health my mother forgave him for it all. To begin, as stated by PBS, when children are in an abusive home they are more susceptible to either being abusive or being abused and feeling that there is no way out. If the parents in an abusive relationship separate then the child(ren) are given a site of love.They are able to see how a family is supposed to react and communicate. They are able to see what real love looks and feels like. If parents in an abusive relation stay together their children will only know violence. They will only know sadness and when it’s time for them to marry they’ll divorce because they’ll think that’s how it’s supposed to go. Consider this, a child has one parent that understands and the other is strict. The child naturally gravitates to the understanding parent because they know the understanding parent is more responsive.When you have a strict parent who doesn’t understand, it usually leads to a child divorcing the parent before the spouse will. When a child divorces its parent the child doesn’t listen or respect their parent. In my case the divorce wasn’t bad at all. Growing up my mother basically did everything for me. Since me and my father never really talked we never had a strong relationship. When my parents decided to get divorce it was paradise for me. Living with my father is like walking on pins and needles barefoot. My dad only yelled and told me and my brother what to do.If you didn’t do something the exact way he wanted it then you had to re-do it all. Dealing with him was like biting into a plastic bottle because you knew he would never break. I was a ticking bomb waiting to explode and one day I did. One night I’d been so fed up I let out all my anger I’d bottled up for the past fifteen years. It felt like I’d exhaled a breath and my chest wasn’t clouded anymore. A few weeks after the argument my mom announced the news of the divorce. Ever since my dad moved out, I’ve been happier than ever.Now I don’t have to worry about coming to home to someone yelling. Had my parents stayed together I don’t think I would’ve started back doing the things I like; singing, dancing, and playing the piano. If parents continue to stay together for the sack of their kids they’ll make themselves unhappy. Some parents will be shocked to realize that their child wanted the divorce longer than they did. While the other parents will face their children who want them to stay together. It all depends on the children and what they’ve been through. How to cite Is Divorce Bad for Children, Papers

Internetworking with TCP/IP Free Assignment Sample

Questions: Task 1 Explain with the aid of diagrams the TCP/IP Protocol Architecture. Discuss the function of the protocols within each layer. Evaluate the application of TCP/IP to internet based applications. Task 2 Explain the principles of IP addressing based on IPv4 and discuss the key practical issues in implementing IP addressing within public and private networks. With the aid of a network diagram explain how IP addresses are assigned to a network. With the help of a network monitoring tool (Wireshark), analyses the IP traffic.(provide evidence i.e. screenshots) Task 3 A local business TCS Ltd. is considering implementing IPv6 Protocol throughout the organization. Present a report for the Operational Director highlighting and discussing the key issues in migrating from IPv4 to IPv6 addressing. The report should: Discuss the benefits and drawbacks in such migration Explain and evaluate the alternative transition mechanisms Analyze and evaluate the improvement in quality of service (QoS) and security Task 4 TCS Ltd. is also considering the provisioning of voice over IP (VoIP) and mobile IP (MIP) for its employees. It is anticipated this will both reduce operational costs and increase network efficiency. Make a business case for such implementation. The Business Case should; Explain the underlying concepts of VoIP and MIP Analyze and evaluate mobile IP networks, particularly examining routing and security issues Analyze and evaluate the VoIP and MIP in the Enterprise networks. Answers: Task 1 TCP/IP architecture model was initially designed as DARPA model by the US government agency by that name. There were four layers in the DARPA model. Those were, application layer, transport layer, Internet layer and network interface layer. Each of those layer used to correspond to one or more layers in the OSI model with seven layers. In the TCP/IP protocol architecture, there are four layers or sets of protocols, similar to the DARPA model. TCP/IP protocol architecture works as protocol stack. Each layer of TCP/IP protocol stack, has its own set of functionalities and provides a set of services to the next layer. The descriptions of these layers are, (Blank, TCP/IP Foundations, 2006) Network Interface layer Network interface layer or network access layer is the lowest layer in the TCP/IP protocol stack. It places TCP/IP packets on the network and receives the same from the network. TCP/IP protocol stack is independent of different network access methods, medium, frame formats etc. Thus it supports different types of networks, different types of LAN technologies like token ring, Ethernet etc., different types of WAN technologies like frame relay, X.25 etc. This layer is independent from different network technologies. It gives the TCP/IP protocol stack the ability to adapt any new networking technology, for example, ATM or Asynchronous Transfers Mode networks. (Blank, TCP/IP JumpStart, 2006) Internet Layer Internet layer sits on the top of network interface layer in the TCP/IP protocol stack. Internet layer is responsible for packaging, addressing and routing of packets. There are some core protocols in this later. These protocols are important for internetworking. The protocols are IP or Internet Protocol, ARP or Address Resolution Protocol, ICMP or Internet Control Message Protocol, IGMP or Internet group management protocol. Each of these protocols performs different types of responsibilities and collectively all these are the responsibilities of internet layer. (Comer, 2006) Internet protocol is responsible for routing packets. Thus functions like routing, IP addressing, packet fragmentation and reassembly are provided by this layer. Address resolution protocol provides services like IP to MAC address translation etc. The main function is to provide address resolution services to the network layer. Internet control message protocol provides different types of diagnosis and error handling services that may occur from erroneous packet delivery. Internet group management protocol manages groups of IP multi-casting. Transport Layer Transport layer provided host to host service on the top of internet layer. It consumes services from the internet layer and provide service to the application layer that is on the top of it. Mainly it provides services related to transmission of data packets successfully over the internet. There are two protocols in this layer. Those are TCP or Transmission Control Protocol and UDP or User Datagram Protocol. (Alani, 2014) Transmission Control Protocol is responsible for providing a connection- oriented, one to one and reliable communication service. It arranges the sequences of packets, acknowledges the packet transmissions, and provides recovery of packets lost during transmission. On the other hand, user datagram protocol is a connectionless, one to many (may be one to one), unreliable service for communication over the internet. Generally, UDP is used to transfer smaller amount of data or data where security or data loss is not a big issue. TCP provides secure and better service than UDP, but there is some additional overhead of TCP services, when some application does not want to have these overhead and still want to have a data transmission, then it selects UDP instead of TCP. (Blank, TCP/IP JumpStart, 2006) Application Layer Application layer is the topmost layer on the TCP/IP protocol stack. It directly interacts with the applications on a computer or system. It provides abilities to the applications to consume services from other layers of the TCP/IP protocol stack. Application layer has a bunch of protocol and new protocols evolve frequently. (Reynders Wright, 2003) Some of the widely used application layer protocols and the services provided by those protocols are, HTTP or HyperText Transfer Protocol, has the responsibility of exchanging user information through developing web pages for World Wide Web. FTP or File Transfer Protocol is responsible for transferring file between two hosts. SMTP or Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is responsible for transferring mails and attachments. Telnet is responsible for emulation or terminal. It let a user log in to some remote network host. DNS or Domain name service helps in resolving the IP address and host names. RIP or Routing Information Protocol helps in routing and exchanging routing information across an IP network SNMP or Simple Network Management Protocol helps in managing different networking devices and manages the same. It helps in collecting and exchanging management information for devices like bridges, routers, intelligent hubs etc. Some examples of application layer interfaces for TCP/ IP protocol stacks may be NetBIOS, Windows Sockets etc. In Windows operating system environment, Windows Socket helps in having a standard API. NetBIOS helps in managing sessions, name resolutions, datagram related protocol services. The illustration of TCP/ IP protocol stacks along will different sets of protocols for each of the layers, has been given as, There are different types of networks used for different organizations, the networks differ in structures, services, interfaces, technologies. Connecting all these networks to have an interconnected network or Internet required some uniformity and platform independent protocols. OSI model was built to abstract the diverse nature of the network. OSI model provides enough abstractions to hide the complexities of networking and internetworking and gives enough scope to the programmer to build specific programs to each layer. Then programs from different layers of OSI model then work with one another. There were several flaws in OSI model. There were no details about the protocols or how to implement the functions of each layer. On the contrary, TCP/IP model gives details about the protocols from each layer. A programmer can implement those protocols from different layers and the job is done. (Held, 2002) OSI model has total 7 layers. Those layers are categorized into two category of layers as given in the following picture. The layers in the OSI model as, Application layer. Presentation layer, Session layer. Transport layer, Network layer, Data Link layer, Physical layer. First three layers belong to the application layer category and rest of the layers belong to the data flow category. On the other hand, there are four layers on the TCP/IP model. Those are application layer, transport layer, internet layer, and network access interface layer. These four layers covers the seven layers of OSI mode. The layers on the TCP/IP model are again divided into two categories. Application and transport layers are categorized as protocols layers and rest two belongs to networks layers. The comparison between OSI model and TCP/IP model are summarized as,(Alani, 2014) Open System Interconnection (OSI) Model TCP /IP Model This is more focused on architectural aspects of a network model and provides an idealistic view. It is more focused on the implementation aspects and provides some realistic view. OSI model is developed by a horizontal approach. It is developed based on a horizontal approach. The basic assertion behind the OSI model is that operation of distributed applications is laid upon a strict hierarchy of layers and standardisation. The basic assertion of TCP/IP model is that any application is composed of a set of functions over an end to end distributed communication service. There is a pool of application service elements or ASEs a distributed application selects an element from such pool and performs functions that is specific to the end to end service. Abstraction is the fundamental characteristic here. Every application assumes that services from lower layer will be available at any point of time. The session layer controls the sessions, presentation layer controls the representation of data etc. and the application layer communicated with the application on the host system. In OSI model, all these are different layers. Some examples of functions of OSI application layer are, VT, FTAM ,MHS, CMIP, DS etc. In the TCP/IP model, application, session and transport layers of the OSI model have been clubbed into application layer of TCP/IP model. Some example of protocols from application layer of TCP/IP model are, FTP. HTTP, DNS. Telnet etc. (Alani, 2014) The transport layer of OSI is responsible to deliver information from source system to destination system. The transport layer communicates from source to destination, performs flow control, error checking etc. The network layer provides connection oriented and connectionless services. The internet layer on the TCP/IP provides only connectionless service. Data link layer prepares the streaming of data, handles flow control, error control. Whereas data is transmitted through the physical media as a raw bit stream. The later part is handled by physical layer. Here data transmission is handled by network access layer only. Services provided by data link and physical layers in the OSI model are provided by the network access layer in the TCP/IP model. While implementation of the OSI model, the emphasis is on reliability of data transfer. The reliability is handled as an individual cases of end to end delivery. Detection and handling of errors is performed in each layer using checksums. Detection and handling of errors is done by the transport layer only. OSI model is most of the time a theory based description of an ideal network model, whereas TCP/IP model is a model that is being used in practice for long time. Task 2 IPv4 or Internet Protocol version 4 is a widespread and currently used internet addressing scheme. A network connects different types of devices as hosts. An internet is an interconnection of different types of networks across the globe. It is necessary to uniquely address each of the host connected to the internet. For that purpose internet address or IP addresses are used. There are different schemes of IP addressing. IPv4 is a 32 bit IP addressing scheme. With 32 bits, possibly there will be 232 unique IP addresses. IPv4 addressing uses a class-full addressing. Implementation of IP addresses in private and public networks has some challenges. One is, there is scarcity of addresses that can serve need of the networks and devices. Thus, there are two types of addressing used in private and public network. The addressing scheme used within a private network is not visible from the public network. Masquerading, NAT etc. are used to implement it. However, it increases overhead on routers. (Comer, 2006) On the other hand, there are two types of IP addresses, static and dynamic. ISPs use a pool of available IP addresses, when some client logs on to their network and request some IP address, then the ISP allocates one IP address from the address pool. The IP address is valid for that client for that session only. When the client logs off, the address will be de-allocated and will go back to the address pool. This scheme is known as dynamic IP address. Where the IP address is not tied to some device. The same client may get different IP address when it logs in again. And the same IP address may be allocated to other client next time. On the other hand, there are other types of IP addresses that are tied to a particular device. These are called static IP addresses. (Held, 2002) NAT or Network Address Translation is used to bridge the gap between private and public network. A NAT table is kept on the router. There may be at least two attribute for each entry of the NAT table, the IP addresses of a device in the private network and the IP address of the destination of the packet. The router checks the NAT table, replaces the source address as the public address of the network and forwards the packet to the destination. When it receives some packet from the Internet or other network, then it checks the NAT table again and forwards the packet to the destination. For public networks, there is no existence of the private network, they communicate with the public IP address of the network. There are RIR or Regional Internet Registry that are organizations for handling registration and allocation of IP addresses in different parts of the world. There are 5 RIRs currently for different regions of the world. Following picture illustrates the RIRs and operating domains. Each of the RIR has 16 millions of IP addresses to allocate. In IPv4 scheme, the whole address space is divided into 5 categories those are, Class Address Range of first Octet Network and Host octets Class A 1 to 126 N.H.H.H Class B 128 to 191 N.N.H.H Class C 192 to 223 N.N.N.H. Class D NA Reserved for Multi casting Class E NA Reserved for Research and Future use. There are several disadvantages of IPv4 addressing scheme. The blocks dont have equal number of networks or hosts. For example, there is huge numer of hosts possible for a Class A IP address but in reality no class A IP address contains that many hosts. On the other hand very few hosts are possible for a Class C IP address. So, there is a mismatch between the requirement and availability. Here comes the major disadvantage of IPv4 addressing schemes. There are unused IP addresses but those cant be allocated. The available IP addresses are depleting and has failed to cater the requirement of growth of internet. (Reynders Wright, 2003) As a result IPv6 has been developed. Task 3: Report Introduction The aim of this report is to discuss and highlight the key issues in implementation of IPv6 protocol for the organization TCS Ltd. In the rest of the parts of the report the discussion will focus on different aspects of implementing IPv6 in the organization, the benefits and drawback of the implementation, explanation and evaluation of other alternative transition mechanisms, analysis and evaluation of possible improvement in QoS or Quality of Service and security. IPv6 IPv6 or Internet Protocol version 6 is the latest and updated version of the communication protocol IP in the TCP/IP model. It helps in identification and location of a host system in the internet uniquely and routing traffic from source to destination on the Internet. IPv6 has been developed by IETF or Internet Engineering Task Force. One of the major issue with IPv4 is rapid depletion of the available IP addresses and poor distribution of the same. To deal with this problem IPv6 has come into the picture. It is slowly replacing IPv4. IPv6 is a 128 bit addressing protocol and holds almost 2128 unique addresses into its address space. IPv6 is not interoperable with IPv4. Thus one is needed to be replace by other. There are various transition mechanisms from going to IPv6 from IPv4. (Hagen, 2014) A 128 bits IPv6 address is broken down into 8 groups of four hexadecimal digits in each group. Each of the group is separated by a colon. There are compression methods available to shrink or expand representation of an address. Benefits and Drawbacks of Implementation of IPv6 One of the major benefits of IPv6 is the larger address space and classless distribution of addresses. The address allocation methods of IPv6 facilitates route aggregation and limits extensions of routing table. It support multicasting in a simpler and extended way. There are several optimizations for delivery of services. It enhances mobility, configuration and security of the devices. So, other benefits of IPv6 for an organization are, (Johnson, Perkins, Arkko, 2004) It provides better and more effective routing. The routing tables are reduced in sizes. A hierarchical approach in management of routing table can be taken. The ISPs can aggregate their networks into a single prefix. Fragmentation is done by the source in the IPv6 network, the routers are not responsible for it. Thus overall overhead from routing is reduced and routing has become more efficient. Processing of packets in IPv6 networks is better and simpler. Thus more efficient. There is no calculation of packet level checksum and no calculation of checksum at every hop. The link layer protocols and technologies handles this part. Ipv6 supports multicasting. It allows packet flows that are bandwidth intensive, to more than one destination at the same time. Thus the network bandwidth is saved. The hosts that are not bound to process broadcast packets. There is a additional data field in the IPv6 header, called Flow Label. This data field helps in identifying data packets belonging to the same data flow. Configuration of a network for the organization will be automated if it is built on Ipv6. The prefix of all local links to a router will be advertised. A host will be able to generate its own IP address. The MAC address of the host will be appended to the prefix sent by the router. Then it will be converted into some 64 bit EUI or Extended Universal Identifier format. The prefix is another 64 bit, thus the whole address will be 128 bit. There is no need to use NAT or Network Address Translation anymore. At the IP layer, the end to end connectivity will be provides. New services can be added. The peer to peer networks are easily manageable. VoIP, QoS etc. will be more effective. Security is another issue in any type of networks. IPv6 supports IPSec and provides CIA principles of confidentiality, integrity and authentication. ICMP packets for IPv6 are backed up with more security implementations of IPSec and the risks of malware attacks through these packets has been reduced. Apart from the benefits there are few drawbacks of IPv6. Those are, Still IPv6 is not widely accepted and those are not interoperable with IPv4. There is lack of smooth transition schemes to transit from IPv4 to IPv6. Alternative Transition mechanisms Some alternative transition mechanisms to transit to IPv6 from IPv4 are, Host to host Encapsulation In this method, the encapsulation is done at the source and the destination encapsulates it. A private IPv4 network without any information about the IPv6 protocol, is used to transfer the datagrams from the source to the destination. In the following picture, the illustration has been shown, including two hosts with dual IPv4 and IPv6 stacks. These stacks are used for encapsulations. IPv6 datagrams are sent as IPv4 packets. On the destination end, the hosts are updated to IPv6 protocol and will be able to de-capsulate the packets. (John J. Amoss, 2007) This transition mechanism does not require to change the existing IPv4 network, rather it use encapsulation to transit to the IPv6 network. Tunneling from router to router In this mechanism, a tunneling method connecting routers of the organization will be used along with the encapsulation schemes. On the originating host, the edge router will be placed. Another edge router on the destination host will be responsible for the de-capsulation. (Raicu Zeadally, 2003) There will be a tunnel between the edge routers at two ends. Again there will be two protocol stacks of IPv4/ IPv6 at two ends. These stacks will be supported by the hosts at both ends. Again, the source will encapsulate the packets, that will flow through the tunnel and the destination will de-capsulate the packets. Following picture illustrates the idea. The dual stacks at the both ends are needed to be supported by the edge routers. QoS and Security IPv6 provides better QoS and Security compared to the same in IPv4. IPv6 protocol helps in identifying payload that are time sensitive or not. A network can have two types of these packets. It helps in reducing the time in retransmission. IPv6 helps in setting priorities for data transmissions that provide low latency. Applications can select from the priority list as per requirement. A source of significant delay in packet transmission is fragmentation of packets. In IPv6 fragmentation is handled in different way. There is a negotiation between the source and the destination devices about the maximum size of the payload and other parameters are adjusted accordingly. It reduces latency and fragmentation significantly thus helps in better utilization of the network resources. There is QoS implementations on each of the networking device. On the other hand, security of IPv6 protocol is more stringent than the same in the IPv4 protocol. IPSec is an important part of the security mechanisms in IPv6. End to end security is ensured in IPv6. (Li, Jinmei, Shima, 2010) Conclusion In this report IPv6 and different aspects of IPv6 implementation have been discussed. There is a brief description of IPv6 along with discussion on benefits and drawbacks of IPv6, transition mechanisms, QoS and security etc. have been also discussed. Task 4: Report Introduction The aim of this report is to provide information of VoIP and MIP as requested by the TCS Ltd. The organization wants to implement these protocols and technologies for their employees. The organization wants to focus on the reduction of operational cost and modifying efficiency of network. VoIP or Voice over Internet Protocol VoIP or Voice over IP is a technology that helps a group of people to deliver voice and multimedia based communication over IP based networks like Internet. It is also called IP telephony. It supports services like voice communication, SMS, fax etc. over the Internet unlike traditional telephony system, it does not use circuit switching. Rather internet telephony or VoIP uses packet switching networks and packetization of data. An example of VoIP is Skype. (Porter, 2006) There are underlying technologies like session control, signaling control, setting up the call, tearing down the call etc. There are special medial delivery protocols to encode audio, video etc. as digital and streaming data. VoIP can be used by computers, laptops, smart phones etc. SMS service is available over WiFi or 3G connections. (Goode, 2002) Quality of Service or QoS of VoIP has several issues. VoIP is implemented over the Ip networks. IP networks are best effort networks and there may be loss of data, untimely deliver, latency related problem etc. VoIP will use time sensitive communication data. There is no provision of identifying and handling time sensitive data. Network traffic is handled by a first come first serve basis. There is no way to control fixed delays etc. The end points of a VoIP communication path may have to wait for the completion of the transmission of packets from one end to other, then one end will be able to send more data. Security is another consideration of VoIP. There are risks of DoS attacks, stealing of information, eavesdropping etc. There are other technical consideration related to security. For example, VoIP traffic also passes through the firewalls, NATs etc. so, there are chances that communication may get blocked. Encryption is always not supported by VoIP. (Wallingford, 2005) Some of the security measurements and protocols available for the VoIP are, SRTP or Secure Real time Transport Protocol. Also there are implementation of IPSec for the point to point communications. Mobile Internet Protocol MIP or Mobile IP is based on the idea of mobile computing and mobility of devices in a network. It helps a mobile device to keep its IP address same while moving around networks. A mobile node is allowed to have two types of address a care of address and a home address. The care of address changes whenever it moves to some other network, on the other hand the home address is remained same. Thus the computing activities based on the IP addresses are not hampered even there is a change in the network. (Raab, 2007) There are several security and QoS considerations. Most of the times mobile nodes use wireless connectivity options. These links are highly susceptible to vulnerabilities and information security risks. The risks may be active replay attacks, eavesdropping etc. These vulnerabilities cannot be eliminated. But use of encryption etc. can help. Tunneling used in MIP has some serious vulnerability. Thus authentication is always needed here. It also used ARP in case of tunneling. But it is hard to implement authentication for ARP. Thus, there will be some inherent vulnerability. (James, 2008) Conclusion In this report VoIP and MIP has been discussed. There is discussion on what are VoIP, MIP along with security, QoS issues and how enterprise networks are using those. References Ahmed, A., Madani, H., Siddiqui, T. (2010). VoIP Performance Management and Optimization. Cisco Press. Ahson, S. A., Ilyas, M. (2008). VoIP Handbook. CRC Press. Alani, M. M. (2014). Guide to OSI and TCP/IP Models. Springer. Blank, A. G. (2006). TCP/IP Foundations. John Wiley Sons. Blank, A. G. (2006). TCP/IP JumpStart. John Wiley Sons. Comer, D. (2006). Internetworking with TCP/IP: Principles, protocols, and architecture. Prentice Hall. Goode, B. (2002). Voice over internet protocol (VoIP). IEEE. Goralski, W. (2009). The Illustrated Network. Morgan Kaufmann. Graziani, R. (2012). IPv6 Fundamentals. Cisco Press. Hagen, S. (2014). IPv6 Essentials. O'Reilly Media, Inc. Held, G. (2002). The ABCs of TCP/IP. CRC Press. James, S. (2008). Mobile Ip: The Internet Unplugged. Pearson . John J. Amoss, D. M. (2007). Handbook of IPv4 to IPv6 Transition. CRC Press. Johnson, D., Perkins, C., Arkko, J. (2004). Mobility support in IPv6. Karas, J., Peschke, R. (2002). TCP/IP Tutorial and Technical Overview. Prentice Hall PTR. Kozierok, C. M. (2005). The TCP/IP Guide. No Starch Press. Li, Q., Jinmei, T., Shima, K. (2010). IPv6 Core Protocols Implementation. Morgan Kaufmann. Loshin, P. (2004). IPv6. Morgan Kaufmann. Mondal, A. S. (2012). Mobile IP. Springer . Norris, M. (2001). Mobile IP Technology for M-business. Artech House. Perkins, C. E. (2005). Mobile IP. Pearson . Porter, T. (2006). Practical VoIP Security. Syngress. Raab, S. (2007). Mobile Ip Technology And Applications. Pearson . Raicu, I., Zeadally, S. (2003). Evaluating IPv4 to IPv6 Transition Mechanisms. IEEE. Reynders, D., Wright, E. (2003). Practical TCP/IP and Ethernet Networking. Newnes. Thermos, P., Takanen, A. (2007). Securing VoIP Networks. Pearson . Wallingford, T. (2005). Switching to VoIP. O'Reilly Media, Inc.